SHANMUGAM TNPSC COACHING CENTRE

Friday, January 25, 2013

STATE BANK OF INDIA ( SBI) BANK PO EXAM COACHING CENTRES IN COIMBATORE TIRUPUR TIRUNELVELI IN TAMIL NADU.

COACHING CLASSES STARTS ON FEB FIRST WEEK

Festivals organised with financial assistance from the State Government in tamil nadu.

• Pongal Tourist Festival all over India - January

• Chettinad Festival, Karaikudi - January

• Ilakkia Sutrula Vizha, Ettaiyapuram, Thoothukudi - February

• Tribal Festival, Kanniyakumari - February

• Chithirai Visu Festival, Papanasam - April

• Chithirai Dance Festival, Madurai - May

• Chithirai Full Moon Festival, Poompuhar - May

• Kattabomman Vizha, Panchalankurichi - May

• Salangai Natham and Bhagavatha Mela, Thanjavur - May

• Mango Festival, Krishnagiri - May

• Summer Festival at all Hills Station - May

• Kandhoori Festival, Nagore - May

• Saral Thiruvizha, Courtallam - July

• Thirpparappu Vizha, Kanniyakumari - July

• Aadipperukku Vizha, Hogenakkal - July

• Velankanni Festival, Velankanni - August

• World Tourism Day in all tourist centres - September

• Dhasara Festival at Kulasekarapattinam Thoothukudi Dist. - Oct. - November

• Sathaya Vizha, Thanjavur - October

• Thiruvannamalai Deepam Festival - November

• Tea and Tourism Festival, Udhagamandalam - December

• Indian Dance Festival, Thanjavur - Dec. - January

• Folk Dance Festival, Gangaikondacholapuram - Dec. - January

Festivals organised with financial assistance from the Union Ministry of Tourism in tamil nadu.

Indian Dance Festival at Mamallapuram - Dec 25th - Jan 25th

National Tourism and Cultural Festival at Kanniyakumari - January

National Pilgrim Festival at Rameswaram - January

Thursday, January 24, 2013

Tsunami

Background
Tsunamis are among the most terrifying natural hazards known to man and have been responsible for tremendous loss of life and property throughout history. Because of their destructiveness, tsunamis have notable impact on the human, social and economic sectors of our societies. In the Pacific Ocean, where the majority of these waves have been generated, the historical record shows wide scale destruction. In Japan, which has one of the most populated coastal regions in the world and a long history of earthquake activity, tsunami has destroyed large coastal populations. There is also a history of tsunami destruction in Alaska, in the Hawaiian Islands in South America, Japan and elsewhere in the Pacific.

The most notable tsunami in the region of the Indian Ocean was that associated with the violent explosion of the volcanic island of Krakatoa in August 1883. A 30 m (100 feet) tsunami resulting from this explosion killed 36,500 people in Java and Sumatra.

Earthquake of 26th December 2004:
On 26th December 2004, the Indian coastline experienced the most devastating tsunami in recorded history. The tsunami was triggered by an earthquake of magnitude Mw 9.3 at 3.316°N, 95.854°E off the coast of Sumatra in the Indonesian Archipelago at 06:29 hrs making it the most powerful in the world in the last 40
years.
The earthquake of 26th December 2004 occurred off northwest of Sumatra is not an unusual earthquake from the Plate Tectonics point of view. It has occurred in the vicinity of seismically active zone, close to Sunda Trench in the water depths of about 1300 m. The earthquake hypocenter is located relatively at shallow depth, about 30 km below the ocean floor. The high magnitude, Mw 9.3 of the earthquake and its shallow epicenter have triggered tsunami in the northeast Indian Ocean. These were travelled in open ocean of the Bay of Bengal and subsequently transformed into a train of catastrophic oscillations on the sea surface close to coastal zones of Sri Lanka, east and west coasts of India.

FLAG CODE OF INDIA

The Indian National Flag represents the hopes and aspirations of the people of India. It is the symbol of our national pride. Over the last five decades, several people including members of armed forces have ungrudgingly laid down their lives to keep the tricolour flying in its full glory.

The significance of the colours and the chakra in the National Flag was amply described by
Dr. S. Radhakrishnan in the Constituent Assembly which unanimously adopted the National Flag.
Dr. S. Radhakrishnan explained—“Bhagwa or the saffron colour denotes renunciation of disinterestedness. Our leaders must be indifferent to material gains and dedicate themselves to their work. The white in the centre is light, the path of truth to guide our conduct. The green shows our relation to soil, our relation to the plant life here on which all other life depends. The Ashoka Wheel in the center of the white is the wheel of the law of dharma. Truth or satya, dharma or virtue ought to be the controlling principles of those who work under this flag. Again, the wheel denotes motion. There is death in stagnation. There is life in movement. India should no more resist change, it must move and go forward. The wheel represents the dynamism of a peaceful change.”

For the sake of convenience, Flag Code of India, 2002, has been divided into three parts.
Part I of the Code contains general description of the National Flag.
Part II of the Code is devoted to the display of the National Flag by members of public, private organizations, educational institutions, etc.
Part III of the Code relates to display of the National Flag by Central and State governments and their
organisations and agencies.
Flag Code of India, 2002, takes effect from January 26, 2002 and supersedes the
‘Flag Code – India’ as it existed.

100 percent electrified states in india

Tamil Nadu

Andhra Pradesh

Goa

Gujarat

Haryana

Kerala

Maharashtra

Nagaland

Punjab

All UTs

very low electrified state is Jharkhand only 26%.

SBI BANK PO EXAM COACHING CENTRES IN COIMBATORE TIRUPUR TIRUNELVELI IN TAMIL NADU.

e-GOVERNANCE IN STATES

Rajasthan---SUGAM

Uttar Pradesh---Lokvani

Punjab----SUWIDHA

Maharashtra----SETU Centres

Odisha---------e-Grama and e-Sahayata

Madhya Pradesh------Samadhan Kendra

Karnataka------------Nemmadi

Himachal Pradesh---------Sugam

Jharkhand--------e-Nagrik Seva Kendra

Chandigarh-----e-Sampark, eJan Sampark

Haryana-----------e-DISHA

Gujarat------Jan Seva Kendra

Arunachal Pradesh------Jan Suvidha

Reservoirs in Tamil Nadu

Name of the Dam ------------ Year of construction

Chennai Region

1. Veeranam ---Ancient

2. Chembarambakkam ----Pallava Period

3 Redhills ---1876

4 Cholavaram ---Prior to 1877

5 Willington ---1923

6 Poondi Reservoir ---1944

7 Sathanur ---1958

8 Krishnagiri ---1958

9 Vidur ----1959

10 Gomukhinadhi ----1965

11 Manimukthanadhi ---1970

12 Chinnar ----1977

13 Pambar ----1983

14 Thumbalahalli ----1983

15 Vaniar--- 1985

16 Kesargulihalla ---1985

17 Shoolagirichinnar ----1986

18 Thoppiyar ----1986

19 Nagavathy ----1986

20 Kelavarapalli -----1993

21 Rajathopekanar -----1997

22 Mordhana -----2001

23 Mirugandanadhi ----2005

24 Shenbagathope ----2007

25 Varattar Vallimadurai ----2007

26 Andiappanur odai ----2007

Madurai Region

27 Periyar ---1897

28 Pechiparai ---1906

29 Perunchani ---1952

30 Manimuthar ----1958

31 Vaigai ----1959

32 Sathiyar ----1965

33 Manjalar ----1967

34 Chittar- I ----1972

35 Chittar - II ----1972

36 Gatana ----1974

37 Ramanadhi ----1974

38 Pillavukkal Periyar --1976

39 Pilavukkal Kovilar ---1976

40 Karuppanadhi ---1977

41 Marudhanadhi ---1979

42 Gundar ---1983

43 Kullursandai -1984

44 Vembakottai -1985

45 Anaikuttam -1989

46 Golwarpatti -1992

47 Nambiar -------2000

48 Poigaiyar ------2000

49 Sothuparai --2001

50 Advinainarkoil ---2003

51 Vadakkupachayar --2003

52 Kodumudiyar ---2003

53 Shanmuganadhi ---2004

54 Nagariar Sasthakoil ---2004

POLLACHI REGION

55 Bhavanisagar ---1955

56 Gunderipallam ----1978

57 Varattupallam ----1978

58 Perumpallam ----1990

59 Amaravathy ----1958

60 Uppar ( Erode) ---1968

61 Palar Porandalar ---1978

62 Vattamalalai Karai Odai ---1978

63 Parappalar ---1974

64 Kuthiraiyar ---1990

65 Noyyal Athupalayam ---1991

66 Kodaganar ----1993

67 Upper Nirar Weir ---1975

68 Lower Nirar Weir ----1982

69 Parambikulam ----1967

70 Thunakadavu ---1965

71 Peruvaripallam ---1971

72 Aliyar ---1692

73 Thirumurthy ----1967

74 Noyyal Orathupalayam ---1992

75 Varadhamanadhi ---1978

76 Sholaiyar ---1971

77 Nanganjiar ----2007

78 Nallathangal Odai ----2007

TRICHY REGION

79 Mettur ----1934

80 Kariakoil -----1993

81 Anaimaduvu -1993

82 Ponnaniyar -1974

83 Siddhamalli -1987

Wednesday, January 23, 2013

DISTRIBUTION OF FACTORIES IN TAMIL NADU

1 Coimbatore

2 Tiruvallur

3 Virudhunagar

4 Chennai

5 Madurai

6 Kancheepuram

7 Salem

8 Erode

9 Vellore

10 Tiruchirapalli

DISTRIBUTION OF ENGINEERING COLLEGES IN TAMIL NADU

1 Kancheepuram

2 Thiruvallur

3 Coimbatore

4 Thiruchirappalli

5 Thirunelveli

6 Namakkal

BANK ( IBPS ) PO EXAM COACHING CENTRES IN COIMBATORE TIRUPUR TIRUNELVELI IN TAMIL NADU

BANK COACHING CENTRES IN COIMBATORE TIRUPUR TIRUNELVELI IN TAMIL NADU

RAINFALL IN TAMIL NADU

Tamilnadu received an average annual rainfall of 1023.1 mm.

South-West Monsoon Season

During the South–West Monsoon season, Tamilnadu recorded an average rainfall of 333.5 mm.the highest rainfall of 1067mm was recorded in The Nilgiris district and the lowest rainfall of 65.7mm was recorded in Thoothukudi district.

North-East Monsoon Season

During the North-East Monsoon season, Tamilnadu recorded an average rainfall of 552.7mm. the highest rainfall of 1222 mm was recorded in Nagapattinam district and the lowest rainfall of 308mm was recorded in Erode district.

Hot-Weather Season ( Mar ’09 to May ’09 )
During the Hot-Weather season, Tamilnadu recorded an average rainfall of 129.2mm. the highest rainfall
of 298mm was recorded in Kanyakumari district and the lowest rainfall of 14.7 mm was recorded in Chennai district.

LAND USE PATTERN IN TAMIL NADU.

The total Geographical area of the State is 1.30 crore ha. Perambalur district is reorganized and bifurcated into Perambalur and Ariyalur districts as per the G.O.(Ms) 683, Revenue(RA1(1)) dept, dated:19.11.2007.
Coimbatore and Erode districts have been reorganized into Coimbatore, Erode and Thiruppur districts as per the O.(Ms) 617, Revenue(RA1(1)) dept, dted: 24.10.2008.

1. Forest - 16.2%

2. Barren and unculturable land - 3.8%

3.Land put to non-agricultural uses - 16.7%

4. Culturable waste - 2.6%

5. Permanent pastures and other grazing lands - 0.8%

6. Current fallow - 7.8%

7. Net area sown - 38.7%

Forest
Forest represent all actually forested area on the lands classed or administered as forest under any legal enactment dealing with forest, whether state owned or private. The forest area of the state is 2105906 ha accounting for 16.2% of the total geographical area of the state. Erode district with an extent of 227511 ha under forest is the highest among districts in their contribution to the forest area of the state. This works out to 10.8% of the state’s total forest area. This is followed by Krishnagiri district with 202409 ha (9.6%) and Dharmapuri with 164177 ha (7.8%).
The unique feature of The Nilgiris district is that about 56% of the total area of the district is under forests followed by Erode with 39.8%, Krishnagiri with 39.4%, Dharmapuri with 36.5%, Kanyakumari with 32.4% and Theni with 32.0%.

Barren and unculturable Land
Land which cannot be brought under cultivation unless at a high cost whether such land is in isolated blocks or within cultivated holdings, such as mountains, deserts, hills etc. are classified as barren and unculturable land. Villupuram district alone accounted for 56,651 ha which is 11.5% of the state’s barren and unculturable land and about 7.8% of its geographical area under this category. The area under this category is very meagre in Thiruvarur district with just 113 ha.

Net Area Sown
Net area sown represents the area sown under first crop during the fasli year. Out of 13026645 ha of the total geographical area, 5042896 ha of land constituting 38.7% was cultivated once with various crops.

total net area sown in the State, the share of Villupuram district was the highest with 336079 ha (6.7%) followed by Dindigul district with 229681 ha (4.6%), Thiruvannamalai district with 220594 ha (4.4%), Cuddalore with 214214 (4.3%),salem with 210562 (4.2%) and Erode district with 206587 ha (4.1%). When comparing the net area sown with that of the geographical area of the district, Thiruvarur and Tirunelveli districts are ranked first and least, contibuting 73.7% and 24.3% of its geographical area respectively towards this category.

Cropping Intensity
Cropping intensity refers to the ratio between the Gross area sown and the Net
area sown. The cropping intensity for the State is 1.155. It is highest in Nagapattinam district with 1.824 followed by Thiruvarur district with 1.701.

SOURCES OF IRRIGATION IN TAMIL NADU.

Irrigation is the artificial application of water to the soil for growth of plants.

Sources of Irrigation
Water is an important determinant factor of production of crops in agriculture sector. Intensive and extensive cultivation of land depend mainly on the availability of water. Medium and minor irrigation schemes are
implemented in the state for augmenting the irrigation for agriculture. The various sources of irrigation are canals, tanks, tube wells, Open wells and springs.

Area Irrigated

The net area irrigated constituted 58.1% of the net area sown in the state. Villupuram district is at the top
with 232486 ha net area irrigated. However the highest percentage of the net area irrigated to the net area sown was recorded in Thiruvarur District with 96.4% followed by Kancheepuram District with 91.6% and
Thiruvallur with 83.9% whereas the lowest percentage was recorded in The Nilgiris district with 0.4%.

Canals(Including System Tanks)
Canals are the major source of irrigation in Tamilnadu. As the system tanks get supply from a permanent storage like reservoirs, dams etc. Canal irrigation accounted for 26.1% the net area irrigated by all sources in the state. The net area irrigated by canals is the highest in Thiruvarur district with 148913 ha (19.5%) followed by Thanjavur district with 133168 ha (17.4%) and Nagapattinam district with 130446 ha (17.0%) of the total net area irrigated by canals in the State.

Tanks (Non-System Tanks Only)
The non-system tanks which are fed partly from their independent catchment areas and partly from the diversion of river water and jungle streams depend fully on rain. The extent of area irrigated by tanks during the year is the highest in Pudukottai district with 14.0% followed by Sivagangai district with 13.0% and
Kancheepuram district with 11.5%.

Wells
Wells are the principal source of irrigation in Tamilnadu. During the year under review, open wells and tube-wells/borewells continued to be the principal source of irrigation.The net area irrigated by wells was the highest in Villupuram district with 10.7% of the total net area irrigated by the wells in the state followed by 7.2% in Thiruvannamalai district and 6.3% in Salem district.

DISTRICTWISE RESERVOIRS WITH NAMES IN TAMILNADU.

1 Cuddallore - Velington

2 Villupuram - Veedur, Komuki, Manimukthar

3 Vellore - Velakkal Natham, Mordhaana, Andiyappanur

4 Thiruvannamalai - Sathanur

5 Salem - Stanli (Mettur), Aanaimaduvu, Kariyakkoil

6 Dharmapuri - Chinnur, Echambadi, Nagaavathi, Vaniyaru, Thoppaiyaru, Dhumbalahalli, Kesarikudihalli

7 Krishnagiri - Krishnagiri Reservoir Project Dam, Paambaaru, Chinnaaru, Kelavarappalli

8 Coimbatore - Ansur Pallam, Amaravathi, Azhiyar, Parambikulam, Thoonakkadvu, Thirumoorthy, Solaiyar, Peruvaripallam, Neerar

9 Erode - Perumpallam, Koranganpallam, Pazhamangalam, Vattamalaikarai Odai, Gunderipallam, Varattupallam, Orathupalayam

10 Thiruchirapalli - Ponnaniyaru

11 Perambalur - Suthamalli River Project, Irayur (not in use)

12 Madhurai - Periya Aruvi, Sathaiyaru

13 Theni - Vaigai , Manjalaaru, Sothupparai

14 Dindigul - Marudhaanadhi, Athur, Maavur, Kudhiraiyaru, Palaru, Varadhamanadhi, Parappalaru,
Kodaganaru

15 Virudhunagar - Kovilaru, Periyaru, Aanaikkuttam, Vembakkottai, Kolvarpatti, Kullursandhai

16 Tirunelveli - Papanasam, Moattai, Manimutharu, Thirimoolapperi, Kadanaanadhi, Ramanadhi, Karuppanadhi, Gundaaru, Servalaru, Adavinayinar koil, Vadakku Pachaiyaru, Kodumudiyaru, Nambiyaru

17 Kanyakumari - Poigai, Pechipparai, perunjani, Citrar -1, Citrar -2.

CROP PROFILE IN TAMIL NADU

Paddy
Paddy is the principal crop extensively cultivated in all the districts of the state having a unique three-season pattern viz Kar/Kuruvai/Sornavari (April to July), Samba/ Thaladi/Pishanam (August to November) and
Navarai/ Kodai (December to March). Paddy accounted for 33.2% of the total cropped area in the state Thiruvarur district is at the top with an area of 178040 ha followed by Thanjavur district with 177094 ha and
Nagapattinam district 170840 ha.

Bajra (Cumbu)
Bajra known as Cumbu in Tamilnadu is generally sown under rain-fed conditions in the state. The area under the crop during 08-09 is 56672 ha constituting 1.0% of the total cropped area in the State. Bajra is generally grown in Villupuram, Thoothukudi,, Madurai, Thiruvannamalai, Virudhunagar, Karur, Theni and Dindigul districts that together accounted for 71.1% of the total area.

Jowar (Cholam)
Jowar known as Cholam in Tamilnadu was grown in about 258876 ha constituting 4.4% of the total cropped area of the state. Jowar is sown in both under rain-fed as well as irrigated conditions. Coimbatore, Thiruppur, Dindigul, Trichirapalli, Karur, Namakkal, Dharmapuri, Salem, Madurai, Virudunagar, and Theni districts have contributed 73.9% of the total area under this crop in the state.

Ragi
The area under Ragi constitutes about 1.5% of the total cropped area in the state in 08-09. Krishnagiri, Dharmapuri, Salem, Erode and Vellore districts together accounted for 93.0% of the total area.

Greengram
Greengram is one of the major pulses widely consumed next to Blackgram. It is grown both in Kharif and Rabi seasons. The crop was extensively cultivated in Nagapattinam, Thiruvarur, Thoothukudi, Virudhunagar and Thanjavur districts which together accounted for 67.9% of the total area.

Blackgram
Blackgram is one of the important pulses grown in both Kharif and Rabi seasons. It accounts for 49.2% of the total area under pulses during the current year. This crop was extensively grown in Nagapattinam,
Cuddalore, Thiruvarur, Toothukudi, Villupuram and Thanjavur districts and these districts together accounted for 80.2% of the total area.

Redgram
Redgram is sown mainly under rainfed condition. Vellore district stands first (8100 ha) in the cultivation of Redgram with 29.5% of the total area.

Horsegram
Horsegram Crop is grown both in Kharif and Rabi Seasons. Krishnagiri and Dharmapuri districts are the main districts in the cultivation of Horsegram

Bengalgram
Bengalgram is mainly sown in Rabi season. Thiruppur and Coimbatore are the main districts in the cultivation of Bengalgram.

Sugarcane
Sugarcane is the most important commercial crop grown in the State. Out of 308800 ha of area under Sugarcane, 53.0% is planted and 47.0% is Ratoon. Villupuram, Erode, Cuddalore, Thiruvannamalai, Namakkal, Dharmapuri, Vellore and Salem districts together accounted for 67.9% of the total Sugarcane area.

Chillies
Chillies is another important commercial crop grown in the State. This is mainly grown in Ramanathapuram and Thoothukudi districts and sparsely grown in almost all other districts. These two districts together share 62.5% of the total area.

Banana;
Banana is the third trinity of Fruits and is also grown all over the State. Banana is the most widely consumed and is available in all seasons and in different varieties in the State. The Total area under Banana is 115804 ha in the state during 08-09. Erode, Thoothukudi, Coimbatore, Tirunelveli, Trichirapalli, Vellore, Kanyakumari and Karur districts together accounted for 57.9% of the total area.

Potato
Potato is a major vegetable widely consumed throughout Tamilnadu whereas it is grown only in the hilly areas of Dindigul, The Nilgiris, Krishnagiri and Erode districts. Dindigul and The Nilgiris districts together
constitute about 90.7% of potato area in the state.

Mango
Mango is one of the trinity of Fruits in Tamilnadu and is a seasonal one. It is generally grown under rain-fed conditions in the state. The area under the crop during 08-09 is 130012 ha in the State. Mango is generally grown all over the state and concentrated specifically in the districts of Krishnagiri, Dindigul, Vellore, Tiruvallur, Dharmapuri and Theni that together accounted for 67.4% of the total area.

Groundnut
Groundnut is the major crop under oilseeds accounting for 8.4% of the total cropped area in the state during 08-09. It is raised as both rain-fed as well as irrigated crop. Thiruvannamalai, Villupuram, Vellore, Namakkal, Salem, Kancheepuram, Erode and Pudukottai districts constitute 65.8% of the area .

Coconut
Coconut is a perennial crop raised extensively in Coimbatore, Thiruppur, Thanjavur, Dindigul, Kanniyakumari, Vellore, Theni, Tirunelveli, Krishnagiri, Salem and Madurai districts. The area under coconut in these districts accounted for 76.2% of the total area.

Gingelly
Next to Groundnut and Coconut, Gingelly is the major oilseed crop in the state. Erode, Thanjavur, Karur, Cuddalore, Villupuram and Salem districts accounted for 62.2% of the total area.

Cotton
As a commercial crop different varieties of cotton are grown to the extent of 114516 ha in the state during the year under report. The major cotton growing districts are Perambalur, Salem, Tiruchy, Virudhunagar,
Villupuram and Madurai together accounted for 64.4% of the total area.

Cashewnut
Cashewnut is the most important commercial crop in the State. It was grown in about 99168 ha in the state during 08-09. Cashewnut is sown mostly in sandy soil conditions. Perambalur and Cuddalore are the main districts and have contributed 61.6% of the total area.

Cities with the fastest internet connection

1. Seoul, South Korea

2. Riga, Latvia

3. Hamburg, Germany

4. Chisinau, Republic of Moldova

5. Helsinki, Finland

6. Stockholm, Sweden

7. Bucharest, Romania

8. Sofia, Bulgaria

9. Kharkov, Ukraine

10. Kaunas, Lithuania

Ranking of Indian States on internet speed

1 Kerala

2 Haryana

3 Karnataka

4 Uttar Pradesh

5 Gujarat

6 Jammu & Kashmir

7 Maharashtra

8 Delhi

9 Tamil Nadu

10 Andhra Pradesh

RECENT DATA ON PETROLEUM PRODUCTS

Coal Bed Methane (CBM) is an environment-friendly clean fuel similar to natural gas. CBM blocks fall in the States of Assam (1), part Chhattisgarh & part Madhya Pradesh(1), Jharkhand (1), Madhya Pradesh (2),
Maharashtra (2), Orissa (2) and Tamil Nadu (1).

The Government of India has enacted ‘The Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board Act, 2006’. The
Board has been constituted on 25th June, 2007.

IPI - Iran-Pakistan-India Gas Pipeline Project

TAPI - Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India Gas Pipeline Project

VISION-2015 - Government has finalized the Vision -2015 for the oil sector for ‘Customer Satisfaction and
Beyond’ which focuses on providing better services to customers.

Rajiv Gandhi Gramin LPG Vitarak Yojana (RGGLVY) for small size LPG distribution agencies has been
launched on 16.10.2009.

The LPG agencies under the RGGLVY will be of small size requiring lesser finance/ infrastructure.
The distributor himself will manage the agency with the help of his/ her family member and one or two employees.

ONGC Videsh Limited (OVL) is likely to produce about 8.14 Million Metric Tonnes (MMT) of oil and equivalent gas during the year 2009-10 from its assets abroad in Sudan, Vietnam, Russia, Syria, Venezuala, Brazil and Colombia.

NEW EXPLORATION LICENSING POLICY - Government of India approved the New Exploration
Licensing Policy (NELP) in 1997 and it became effective in February, 1999. Since then licenses for
exploration are being awarded only through a competitive bidding system and National Oil Companies (NOCs) are required to compete on an equal footing with Indian and foreign companies to secure Petroleum Exploration Licences (PELs).

OIL AND NATURAL GAS CORPORATION LIMITED (ONGC)
Oil & Natural Gas Commission was established on 14th August, 1956 as a statutory body under Oil & Natural Gas Commission Act (The ONGC Act), for the development of petroleum resources and sale of
petroleum products. ONGC was converted into a Public Limited Company under the Companies Act,
1956 and named as “Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited” with effect from 1st February, 1994.